Windows 7 in QEMU needs particular virtual hardware
If you install Windows 7 in a qemu/libvirt vm on a libvirt/qemu system that does not have SPICE support, then it does not include some of the hardware that SPICE will need.
Even after I reinstalled qemu with SPICE re-enabled, the vm did not work correctly with merely a swapped display device. What did work was just building a new vm, and it added the necessary parts on my behalf already.
For the two xml files for you to diff:

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